CMT 3315 Advanced Web Technologies: November 2010

Wednesday, 17 November 2010

Fourth Task

What is the current status of CSS?

CSS, Cascading style sheets which are used for presentation of XML and other documents written in a markup
language. As the current status of CSS is at level three it’s known as CSS3. Previous versions are 1.0, 2.0 and 2.1.

What is the current status of XSL?

The style sheet language solely made for XML documents, is Version 2.0, currently not all web browsers support XSL so it may be useful to use XSL in conjuction with CSS. However web browsers do accept XSLT, some accept XSL-FO and some dont. Both are components of XSL. Currently the versions for the components are:

XQuery 1.0
XPath 2.0
XSLT 2.0

What are the relative merits of CSS and XSL?

CSS is fairly simple to use, and is well known with web designers and web developers. CSS was developed alongside HTML which is why it’s mostly talked about with HTML. However its use is not only limited to HTML but can be used by XML by adding simple processing instructions. XSL is an XML application that has three components, XSL Transformations, XPath and XML FO making it far more powerful than using CSS with an XML document.

What are the implications of the concept of the document tree?

All XML documents when processed are processed into a hierarchical tree, that must start from the root element branching with the leaves. Every attribute and element in a document are represented in the tree hierarchy.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<note> <to>Monica</to>
<from>Brandy</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Reunion Special!</body></note>

This line is the root element, showing that the document is a note

These lines are the child elements

The below code explains for itself that all XML documents must have a root element, which branches out to the child elements and subchild elements and then must close with the root element. All elements can have attributes and text content.

The below image represents an example of a CD entry in its hierarchical state

Refrences

http://www.w3schools.com/xml/xml_tree.asp

THIRD TASK

What is XML well formedness and how could you measure it?

XML Well Formed ness is another term to describe how an XML document is to be properly constructed, following its syntax and constructions rules.
An XML document that is well formed will contain:

•    A One root element – which refers to an XML document which is constructed with only the first element to appear in the document. This root element always defines what type of file is being created, and such an element in XML can be called by whatever name the developer chooses.

•    Correct nesting – This refers to an XML document which contains its elements in correct nests which are all properly closed at the end.

•    Well-Formed Entities – This refers to the proper naming of entities with-in the XML document. In XML, such entity must be created in the DTD or the Document Type Definition. Creating the entity requires appropriate use of XML syntax.

What is XML validation and how could you measure it?

The validation of an XML document can only be measures by making sure that the document if well formed. If a document follows the criteria of ‘well-formed’, it must then be validated via the input a DTD. This DTD which can be chosen by the developer must be referenced in the XML processor. Note that the DTD will also define the rules and type of document, thus being the only method for defying the validation of the XML document. In order to measure the validation, one can simply run the file and see whether or not the processor accepts the document. Note that the processor will not acknowledge the document unless its DTD is properly referenced.

How can XML be best presented?

XML is ‘best’ presented if the rules of well formed ness are followed. In other words, opening and closing tags correctly, constructing and placing the document inside a HTML body, if it’s supposed to be used in a web page. Depending on the type of content that is being displayed, one may argue that the way to display content may change to fit each style uniquely. But in terms of actually writing an XML document, its presentation must be done in accordance to the standard rules.

What is the importance of the first line of an XML document?

The first line that usually appears when writing XML is as follows: <?xml version="1.0" encoding=”utf-8”?> xml version="1.0" is the version of XML currently being used. The version number has to conform to the XML document being written else the document has an error. All XML documents use characters from the Unicode range, meaning any correct Unicode character will not produce errors inside an XML document. These characters can be encoded for storage in different ways called encodings, an example is encoding=”utf-8” as seen above.

What are the differences and uses between elements and attributes?

An element essentially describes the data that it holds. They are usually defined by their name and data type.

Attributes provide additional information about elements, for example, the file type. It may not be part of the element but is necessary for the software to manipulate the element. Attributes do not actually hold raw data like elements do. There is no set rule about when to use elements or attributes. It is generally dependent on your application.

What is AJAX?

Ajax short for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML is a group of interrelated web development techniques used on the client-side to create interactive web applications. With Ajax, web applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously in the background without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. The use of Ajax techniques has led to an increase in interactive or dynamic interfaces on web pages. Data is usually retrieved using the XMLHttpRequest object. Despite the name, the use of XML is not actually required, nor do the requests need to be asynchronous.Like DHTML and LAMP, Ajax is not a technology in itself, but a group of technologies. Ajax uses a combination of HTML and CSS to mark up and style information. The DOM is accessed with JavaScript to dynamically display, and to allow the user to interact with, the information presented. JavaScript and the XMLHttpRequest object provide a method for exchanging data asynchronously between browser and server to avoid full page reloads.

Monday, 15 November 2010

Second Task

1- What is the “X” in XML and what is its significance? Select one response and write the letter
here [ B ]
a) Extended
b) Extensible
c) Extreme
d) Extendable

The “X” is significant because it is a formal recommendation from the World Wide Web Consortium and it is not a fixed format like Html so the markup symbols are unlimited and Users are able to create their own Tags and languages, and it is actually a simpler and easier-to-use.

2- What is a markup language? Select one response and write the letter
here [ C ]

   A) A system of symbols to support the transmission of morse code.
   B) A system to display website standards to which a website conforms,
   C) A system of embedded codes to make an electronic document
          display on a web page as required
    D) A system to only prepare documents for publication

Describe in your own words : ( It is a formal way of annotating a document and it has codes for indicating layout and styling (such as bold, italics, paragraphs, etc) and its describes exactly how the document should appear on the screen or on the printed page.)
3-    What does SGML stand for? Select one response and write the letter
here [ A]
A) Standard Generalized Markup Language
B) Structured Generalized Markup Language
C) School of Global Management and Learning
D) Simplified Generic Machine Language

What is the significance of SGML

SGML is a standard for how to specify a document markup language or tag set, and
it "solves" the hard problem of computer understanding documents.

4- What is the relationship between SGML and XML? Select one response and write the letter
here [ D]
A) SGML is based on XML
B) SGML and XML are the basis for HTML
C) SGML is a slimmed-down, streamlined version of XML
D) XML is a slimmed-down, streamlined version of SGML

Why is this so?

Both are metalanguages that are used to define new data-oriented vocabularies,
The designers of XML took the best parts of SGML and based on their experience, produced a technology comparable to SGML but much simpler to use.

5- What is the relationship between SGML and HTML? Select one response and write the letter
here [A]
A) HTML is a mark-up language derived from SGML
B) SGML is a mark-up language derived from HTML
C)   Both are derived from XML
D)   Both are derived from AJAX

Why is this so?

HTML was rooted in SGML,but it was far simpler and easer to use, So HTML is SGML but not necessarily the reverse.

6- Which of the following statements are true? Select one response and write the letter
here [C]
   A) Special-purpose packages have been derived from HTML
   B) HTML is an application derived from XML
   C) Special-purpose markup languages have been derived from XML
   D) XML supports HTML

Give examples XML is a markup language for the creation of special-purpose markup languages. It describes data and can also contain data. An example of a special-purpose markup language is XHTML.

7-Which of the following statements DOES NOT apply to XML? Select one response and write the letter
here [D]
   A) XML is a set of rules for encoding documents electronically
   B) XML is an predecessor of SGML
   C) XML explicitly identifies the knowledge structure in the encoded document, so that           software packages can use     this structure
   D) XML approach allow you to specify the presentation of the document, and the hypertext links

Explain your choice XML is used to carry data rather than display data, therefore not allowing you to specify the presentation of data unlike HTML.

8- Which of the following statements DOES NOT apply to XML? Select one response and write the letter here [D]
   A) XML underpins the www
   B) XML underpins office apps
   C) XML supports the creation new markup languages
   D) XML is written in Java

Give examples Because XML and Java is a separate language and in additional XML is written in XML itself and java in itself. Therefore XML cannot be written in Java which is a programming language for writing programs, whilst XML is markup language.
9- What is XIML? Select one response and write the letter
here [C]
    A)Extensible Intelligent Markup Language
    B)Extended Invisible Markup Language
    C)Extensible Interface Markup Language
    D)Extraterrestrial Interactive Markup Language

Explain your answer We introduce XIML (eXtensible Interface Markup Language), a proposed common representation for interaction data. We claim that XIML fulfills therequirements that we have found essential for a language of its type: (1) it supports design, operation, organization, and evaluation functions, (2) it is able to relate the abstract and concrete data elements of an interface, and (3) it enables knowledge-based systems to exploit the captured data

10- What is XIML? Select one response and write the letter
here [A]
    A)A Universal Language for User Interfaces
    B)A Markup Language Intelligent Applications
    C)A Language for Unseen Web Features
    D)A Markup Language for Extraterrestrial Maps

Explain your answer It is a Universal language for User Interfaces wich innovative technology created purposefully to address the growing need of rich interactive multimedia user interface development.

11- What is XUL? Select one response and write the letter
here [B]
    A) Extensible Unseen Markup Language
    B) XML User Interface Language
    C) Extensible Universal Language
    D) Extreme UML

Explain your answer it is a toolkit that lets you build UIs using XML and includes an ultra-light weight, multi-threaded web server, a portal engine, a template engine (Velocity), a scripting interpreter and more.

.   12- What is XSL? Select one response and write the letter
here [D]
    A) As a standards language
    B) An alternative to XML
    C) Extensible Universal Language
    D) As a stylesheet language

Explain your answer XSL it is a toolkit that lets you build UIs using XML and includes an ultra-light weight, multi-threaded web server, a portal engine, a template engine (Velocity), a scripting interpreter and more.

.   13- Below is some XML. What is the last line? Select one response and write the letter
here [ B - all open tags must be closed, element "<note>" has not been closed]    ]

a) <end>

b) </note>

c) <note>

d) <note/>

<?xml version="1.0"?>

<note>

<to>Class</to>

<heading>Reminder</heading>

<body>Don't forget to complete your Blog!</body>

14- Below is some XML. What is the missing line? Select one response and write the letter
here [D - the caption tag was not closed after the 'date' tags, XML tags must open and close .}

a) <Header>

b) <Body>

c) <painting>

d) </caption>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>

<caption>This is Raphael's "Foligno" Madonna, painted in

</painting>

ABDULMAJEED ALTASAN
M00333976
aa2553@live.mdx.ac.uk